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Introduction
Consider the following ISA for a Harvard architecture processor:
There are 16 general purpose registers, 16 bits each, named R0..R15.
There is a 16 bit Program Counter (PC) register.
There is a maximum of 1K (1024 words) of code space.
There is a maximum of 1K (1024 words) of data space.
Each word is 2 bytes (16 bits) in length.
The processor has no stack.
Instructions are all 16 bits long.
All data are integer values. Both integer and hexadecimal (e.g., 0xFFFF) literals are allowed.
There are the following 2-operand integer arithmetic instructions: ADD, SUB, AND, OR, XOR. The left operand must be a register, while the right operand can be a register or a literal. The result is placed in the left operand’s register.
There is a MOVE instruction for transferring data. It supports the following address modes:
oMOVE Rx,{Literal,[Ry]}. Copy into Rx a literal value, or the contents of the memory whose address is contained in Ry.
oMOVE [Rx],{Ry,Literal}. Copy into the memory whose address is contained in Rx the contents of Ry or a literal value.
There are the following 1-operand instructions:
oSRL Rx. Shifts the contents of Rx one bit to the left, filling with a 0 bit on the right.
oSRR Rx. Shifts the contents of Rx one bit to the right, filling with a 0 bit on the left.
oJR Rx. Jumps to the address contained in Rx.
The following branch instructions compare the values in the given register with the contents of R0 to determine if the branch should occur. All branches take a PC-relative address for the jump location. There will be reasonable jump ranges (i.e., the number of bits required for the address location) given the current code space size and the potential for future extensions.
oBEQ Rx,location. Branch if equal to R0.
oBNE Rx,location. Branch if not equal to R0.
oBLT Rx,location. Branch if less than R0.
oBGT Rx,location. Branch if greater than R0.
oBLE Rx,location. Branch if less than or equal to R0.
oBGE Rx,location. Branch if greater than or equal to R0.
An assembler for this ISA has been created that you can use to assemble some sample programs (the .dat files are for loading memory). The assembler will generate machine code that can be loaded into a processor that supports the ISA (for example, for an input named test.asm the assembler will generate test.o as an object file and print the machine code in ASCII to standard output). You cannot make any changes to the assembler or sample programs, but you’re free (and encouraged) to create your own test programs.
Questions
Question 1
Implement a simulator for the ISA described above.
The simulator will bootstrap (i.e., start itself up into a state) by loading a passed object file into the code area and a passed file’s contents into the data area. Your simulator will accept two parameters, the first is the object file and the second is the data file. In addition to the interface described above, your implementation should do the following:
All registers are initialized to 0x0000 at startup.
Make sure all negative values are correctly sign extended.
The program counter (PC) is incremented after the execution of an instruction.
Your simulator should always complete. To handle infinite loops, define some (large) maximum loop count. Clearly document this.
All operations and data accesses are word aligned. Be careful, since everything involves 2 bytes, not 1 (which leads to the next point…)
All values (data, etc) are big endian. Note that this doesn’t mean everything has to be big endian internally; you just have to make sure you deal with memory such that it is big endian (especially when displayed).
Make sure you interpret the machine instructions carefully, the bit ordering is very important (see machine code below).
Your data area should be initialized to contain all 0xFFs prior to loading the passed data file.
The data file is an ASCII file of hex digits. The code to load the data has been written for you (see void insert_data( string line );).
Your simulator must accurately reflect the instruction execution cycle discussed in our review. Take a look at the control unit state machine, and use start.cpp to start your implementation.
The simulation begins by executing the instruction found at location 0x0000. It will continue executing instructions until it reaches an invalid instruction (defined as not being contained in the machine language definition). Note that the best way to do this is to initialize your code area to fully contain invalid instructions prior to loading the program. To be clear: this means that programs in this simulator will never exit gracefully, programs will always crash to terminate.
Upon completion, the simulator will print out the invalid instruction and its address (as an error indication – in real systems you would get an illegal operation trap). If any other error is detected, an appropriate error message should be printed (e.g., possible infinite loop detection). Following this it will print the contents of the data area. Use the same formatting used in the assembler. For example:
Illegal instruction ffff detected at address 0010

00000000 00 00 00 01 00 01 00 02 00 03 00 05 00 08 00 0d |................|
00000010 00 15 00 22 00 37 00 59 00 90 00 e9 01 79 02 62 |...".7.Y.....y.b|
00000020 03 db 06 3d 0a 18 10 55 1a 6d 2a c2 45 2f 6f f1 |...=...U.m*.E/o.|
00000030 b5 20 25 11 da 31 ff 42 d9 73 ff ff ff ff ff ff |..%..1.B.s......|
00000040 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff |................|
...
Grading for question 1
There are a total of 20 points for question 1:
5 points for output of memory contents and failure condition per input .asm/.dat pair (10 × 0.5):
o0 points: no output or very wrong output.
o0.5 points: output that’s correct and matches the sample.
5 points for code quality and design:
o0 points: the code is very poor quality (e.g., no comments at all, no functions, poor naming conventions for variables, etc). Code structures to represent parts or state of the CPU are not used at all.
o1–3 points: the code is low quality, while some coding standards are applied, their use is inconsistent (e.g., inconsistent use of comments, some functions but functions might do too much, code is repeated that should be in a function, etc). Code structures to represent parts or state of the CPU may not be used.
o4–5 points: the code is high quality, coding standards are applied consistently throughout the code base. Appropriate code structures are used to represent different parts or state of the CPU (e.g., struct, enum, etc).
10 points for implementation (5 × 2):
o0 points: no implementation is submitted, the implementation is vastly incomplete, or the code crashes when executed (this specifically means that your code crashes with, for example, a Segmentation fault or Bus error, the assembly code is expected to crash as an exit condition).
o1–2 points: implementation is significantly incomplete. Many instruction cycles are unimplemented or implemented incorrectly. May store processor state in variables outside of registers. Data is not moved appripriately between processor components within a cycle.
o3–4 points: implementation is mostly complete. May not implement all instruction cycles or instruction cycles may be implemented incorrectly. May store processor state in variables outside of registers. Data may not be moved appropriately between processor components within a cycle.
o5 points: implementation is complete. Instruction cycles (each phase of the state diagram) are implemented correctly. The state of the processor is stored only in the specified registers, no additional variables are used to maintain state. Data is moved appropriately between processor components (e.g., registers, ALU, memory, etc) within a cycle.
Notes:
If your code does not compile on rodents.cs.umanitoba.ca with a single invocation of make (that is, the grader will change into the appropriate directory and issue the command make with no arguments), you will receive a score of 0 for this assignment. If your submission does not have a Makefile, that’s effectively the same as submitting code that does not compile.
oForget how to make a Makefile? Never knew how to make a Makefile? Thankfully, you can go to https://makefiletutorial.com and find some very easy to use basic examples.
oYou can use g++ or clang++, there are no restrictions on which compiler you use.
While we’re not checking for warnings or DbC, both are your friends.
Question 2
Test your simulator with the sample programs and corresponding data files. These are the programs that the graders will use to evaluate your simulator.
In a Markdown-formatted file, describe what each of the 7 assembly programs do. Some of the programs (test2.asm and test6.asm) have multiple input memory states. For these two programs, explain why each one ends differently based on the initial state of memory.
Organize your file with headings named for the program name and the memory input name, for example:
`test2.asm` terminates with output ... with input `test2-1.dat` because ...
Grading for question 2
1 point for each program and memory input pair (e.g., test1.asm + test1.dat, test2.asm + test2-1.dat, test2.asm + test2-2.dat, …) for a total of 10 points.
Notes:
If your code from question 1 does not compile on rodents.cs.umanitoba.ca, you will earn a score of 0 for this question, even if you have submitted something.
If your file is not a Markdown-formatted file, your score will be reduced by 3 points down to a minimum of 0 points.
Handing in
You should hand in your assignment with handin on rodents.cs.umanitoba.ca. See man handin after you’ve connected to rodents for information on how to use handin.
Appendices
Machine code
All opcodes are 6 bits, with the first 3 bits identifying the opcode family and the last 3 bits identifying the specific operation.
Registers are encoded in 4 bits, with R0 being 0000 and R15 being 1111 (and normal incrementing between them).
Standard format: [opcode][operand 1][operand 2]. Operand 1 is always 4 bits. Operand 2, when present, can be up to 6 bits in length (for literal values ranging from -31 to 31). Any unused bits will be filled with zeros (for either an unused operand or unused bits).
Operations
In all of the formats indicated below, the underscore (_) is used to identify a single bit. If there are 4 bits together, then a register number is to be placed in the operand. If there are 6 bits, then a literal value is to be placed in the operand.
An x (or a grouping) is used to indicate a selection from the relevant list.
Arithmetic
The first 3 bits of the opcode identify the operation. The remaining 3 bits are used to indicate the addressing mode of the second operand: 000 indicates a literal while 001 indicates a register. Literals are a maximum of 6 bits.
Each operation will have the following formats:
xxx 000 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
xxx 001 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 0 0
The 3 bit operation value assignments are:
000: ADD
001: SUB
010: AND
011: OR
100: XOR
MOVE
101 indicates that the opcode is for a MOVE operation. The next 3 bits indicate the addressing mode (note that they are selected such that they can be grouped according to source and/or destination). The middle bit is set if any other combination is detected (i.e., memory to memory or register to register).

110 is used to identify a shift operation. The remaining 3 bits are used to identify direction, with 000 indicating right and 001 indicating left.
The operation has the format:
110 00x _ _ _ _ 0 0 0 0 0 0
Branch
111 is used to identify branch operations (identified as changing the flow of execution). The remaining 3 bits are used to identify the type of branch. The remaining 6 bits of the branch operation store the offset and defines the maximum branch range as 31 words from the current instruction.
Each operation will have the following format:
111 xxx _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
The operation value assignments are:
000: JR (note that operand 2 will contain all zeros)
001: BEQ
010: BNE
011: BLT
100: BGT
101: BLE
110: BGE
Control unit state machine

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