EE 567 Project
Due Tuesday, December 3, 2019 at 6:40 p.m.
Work all 3 Parts.
Instructions.
Your project should be typed on one side of the paper only and stapled
in the upper left hand corner. You should include a cover page and an
appendix where you include your Matlab code. Do not place your project
inside any kind of binder. This is to be an individual effort. You may consult
any written material (hard or soft copy) but you may not solicit input from
any person except that you may ask the professor or TA questions regard?ing your project. Your project report should be self-contained, that is, the
reader should be able to understand the problems and your solutions without
consulting the actual project assignment.Part 1.
Assume we have downconverted a received signal via a mixing operation
and now we wish to apply a LPF. One way to implement a LPF is simply to
compute an average. In continuous time we would just integrate the signal
since dividing by the integration time T to compute the average would not
affect the performance since the noise would be scaled by the same amount
as the signal component. In discrete time we would implement a sum instead
of an integral. For this part we will assume we have a discrete time signal
but we will compute an average instead of just a sum.
So let us assume the input to the LPF is a signal of the form
s(k) = √E + double frequency terms + n(k), k = 0, 1, . . .
where we have assumed scaling so that n(k) is a standard normal random
variable for each k and ni
is independent of nj for i = j, i, j = 0, 1, . . ..
We may ignore the double frequency terms and assume they are suppressed,
either completely or at least sufficiently, by the LPF. The output of the LPF
1isy(n) = 1N Xn k=n N+1
s(k), n = 0, 1 . . .
where we take y(n) = 0 for n < 0.
Even though we are computing an average we will refer to this type of filter
as an integrate and dump or I&D filter.
Now for implementation purposes we can also construct a LPF using an
IIR filter. Let
y?(n) = (1 α)s(n) + αy?(n 1), n = 0, 1 . . .
where we take ?y( 1) = 0.
a. Determine (analytically) the value of α = α(N) so that the mean and
variance of the IIR filter output matches the mean and variance of the
I&D filter output as n → ∞. For this task you may assume without
loss of generality that you only have noise present.
b. Compute (analytically) the impulse response of the I&D filter.
c. Compute (analytically) the step response of the I&D filter.
d. Compute (analytically) the impulse response of the IIR filter using the
value of α found in part (a).
e. Compute (analytically) the step response of the IIR filter using the
value of α found in part (a).
f. Plot the impulse response for each filter on the same graph using N = 8.
g. Plot the step response for each filter on the same graph using N = 8.
Part 2.
Assume we have downconverted a BPSK signal such that the input to a
LPF is of the form
s(k) = A + double frequency terms + n(k) 2
where A is a constant and n(k), k = 0, 1, . . . are independent zero-mean
normal random variables with variance σ2
. We may ignore the double fre?quency terms and assume they are suppressed, either completely or at least
sufficiently, by the LPF. Suppose the LPF is an integrator of the form
y = 1N NX1 k=0s(k).
After applying this LPF the output y is a test statistic with bit-energy-to?noise ratio Eb/N0. We know that for BPSK the probability that we make a
wrong decision using this test statistic is
Pb = Q s2Eb N0 ! .
We can approximate this LPF operation using an IIR filter of the form
y?(n) = (1 α)s(n) + αy?(n 1), n = 0, 1 . . . N 1
where we take ?y( 1) = 0.
a. Using Matlab simulate the signal s(k) and the LPF operation producing
y above for N = 8 and plot your simulated bit error rate vs. Eb/N0 on
the same graph as Pb vs. Eb/N0 to compare. Your Eb/N0 range should
be large enough so that the BER ranges from 0.5 to 10 6.
b. Using Matlab simulate the signal s(k) and the IIR filter operation pro?ducing ?y(n) above for N = 8 and plot your simulated bit errorrate
vs. Eb/N0 on the same graph as the simulated bit error rate for y to
compare. You should use the value of α that you found in Part 1 of this
project. Your Eb/N0 range should be large enough so that the BER
ranges from 0.5 to 10 6.
c. The value of α that you just used does not necessarily minimize the
probability of bit error for the IIR filter approach. Using Matlab and
some trial and error find the value of α that does minimize the proba?bility of bit error for Eb/N0 = 7 dB. Using this new α (if it is different
than that found in Part 1), plot your simulated bit error rate vs. Eb/N0
on the same graph as the simulated bit error rate for y and the simu?lated bit error for the α found in Part 1 to compare. Your Eb/N0 range
should be large enough so that the BER ranges from 0.5 to 10 6. 3
Part 3.
In this part we are going to investigate the detection of signals in noise.
We will consider both integration detection and M of N logic detection.
Suppose we receive a signal of the form
r(t) = A cos(2πfct + φ) + n(t), 0 ≤ t ≤ T
where A is a constant over T seconds taking on the value of A = 1 or A = 0
where in the latter case we have only noise present, fc = 1 MHz, T = 1 msec
and n(t) is a Gaussian random variable at time t with mean 0 and variance
σ2.
a. Simulate the direct integration approach to signal detection using the
square law detector as covered in class (this detector yielded a chi?square random variable with 2 degrees of freedom). Assume there is
no post detection integration. In your sims use a threshold required
for a probability of false alarm of 10 4
. You should find this threshold
analytically. You can assume that just prior to squaring and adding
the downconverted and filtered (integrated over T seconds) received
waveform has the form (after scaling)
r1(T ) = A cos(φ) + n1
in the upper path of the circuit and
r2(T ) = A sin(φ) + n2
in the lower path of the circuit, where, n1 and n2 are independent
Gaussian random variables with mean 0 and variance σ2
. The output
of the detector is then
z(T ) = r21 + r22.
Plot probability of detection results for SNR ranging from 0 to 15 dB.
The y-axis of your plot should use a log scale and your x-axis should
be in dB.
b. Repeat part (a) but now assume we also include a post detector inte?grator of length N = 16. Now our overall probability of false alarm
after post detection integration is 10 4
so a new threshold will need to
be found. You may find the new threshold to control false alarms via
simulation or numerically evaluating the appropriate integrals.
c. Repeat part (b) but now assume the post detecting integration is re?placed with an M of N logic detector where N = 16 and M = 8.Our
overall probability of false alarm after the M of N logic is still 10 4.
You will need to find a new threshold to use here right before the M ofN logic.