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Section 1.
Radar and Satellite Navigation (30060)
- MSc assignment 2018-19
The assignment forms 50% of the final mark.
1. In this group assignment, each group should prepare a combined, brief report presented in
a scientific paper format and style on a specific topic of radar systems analysis. The format
of the essay is specified in Section 3 of this document, and all submitted assignments
should have the same structure.
2. Each student within each group will have an individual task, taken from Section 2 of this
document, and should develop a computer model of an appropriate system and
demonstrate the computer simulation results as well as analytical analysis and their
comparison, where appropriate. The essay will clearly identify which student undertook
which task, and each student will be assessed based on their task only and not the
full group report.
3. Aim: Radar system analysis and modelling. It is assumed that a radar system is being
designed for surveillance. As a part of the radar design, computer models for i) target
detection, ii) the ambiguity function of the radar transmit waveform, and iii) outputs of a
matched filter to a target echo at the background of noise should be generated. The outputs
of the computer model should be compared to theoretical expectations, and should include
analyses of simulated vs. predicted results.
Objectives: The aim above is to be fulfilled by developing three different computer models
in MATLAB or/and Simulink, one by each group member, and presenting and analysing the
simulation results. The final simulation results (intermediate ones may be used to
strengthen the quality of the essay, where deemed appropriate) for each task are:
i) Target detection: a graph should be presented, with the probability of detection as the
vertical axis, signal to noise ratio as the horizontal axis, and the probability of false
alarm as a parameter. On the same graph the result of analytical calculations, e.g.
Barton method, could be presented and in the conclusion comparison of modelling and
calculation results should be presented.
ii) Ambiguity function: a surface plot should be presented, showing the magnitude of the
ambiguity function in dB with delay and Doppler as the horizontal/vertical axes. Graphs
showing cross-sections of the ambiguity function at zero range and at zero Doppler
should be presented, and in the conclusion a comparison of the simulated vs
theoretically expected range and Doppler resolutions should be given.
iii) Matched filtering: two graphs should be presented. The first one should show the
magnitude of the matched filter output vs target range as the horizontal axis for a given
target echo in the absence of noise. The second one should be similar to the first, but
for a given signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the output at the radar receive antennaP a g e | 2
assuming additive white gaussian noise. In the conclusion, a comparison of the
simulated vs theoretically expected peak-to-sidelobe ratio and a comparison of the
simulated vs theoretically expected SNR at the output of the matched filter should be
presented. To create these graphs you should first emulate an echo signal from a target
at a given distance, for a single transmit signal, and then apply the appropriate matched
filter.
4. The main text of the essay length for each student should be between 2000 (minimum) and
3000 (maximum) words plus tables, figures and, if necessary, appendices according to the
attached template. Appendices should include MATLAB code listings, where possible.
NOTE: It is expected that all results presented by students are the result of their own
MATLAB code. Results directly obtained from the MATLAB Phased Array Toolbox
may be used at the students’ discretion to cross-check their own results, however
they are not acceptable as answers on their own. Therefore, results presented
without accompanying codes will receive a 30% penalty.
5. In the assignment students should:
Demonstrate knowledge in the specific radar system area;
Analyse the main technical challenges and performance limitations;
Develop a MATLAB or/and Simulink system model;
Introduce the simulation results and analyse these results vs analytical results;
Formulate the appropriate conclusions;
Demonstrate scientific communication skills
6. The assessment criteria are detailed on the last page of this document
Plagiarism, which includes, but is not limited to, a failure to acknowledge sources will be
penalised. For further information on plagiarism please see (you may need to log in)
https://intranet.birmingham.ac.uk/as/studentservices/conduct/plagiarism/guidancestudents.aspx
Submission: Assignments should be submitted on Canvas, as .pdf files, by 4
th March 2019, at
14:00. Late submission will be penalised at 5% per day late.
Recommended textbooks: The main recommended textbooks are
"Radar System Analysis and Modeling", by David Barton (any edition);
"Radar Systems Analysis and Design Using MATLAB", by Bassem R. Mahafza (any edition)
“Principles of Modern Radar, vol.1: Basic Principles”, by M. A. Richards, J.A. Scheer, W.A.
Holm
“Bistatic Radar: Principles and Practice”, by M. Cherniakov, as well as lecture notesP a g e | 3
Section 2.
The given radar parameters per student group are:
1. Chun-Luo Chen, Feng Chen, Yu Chen
i) Target detection (Chun-Luo Chen)
Detection probability over one scan D=0.8-0.95
False alarm probability over one scan F=10-3
Number of pulses during the dwell time N=100
The target echo experiences slow fluctuations
The received signal is coherent over the dwell time
ii) Ambiguity function (Feng Chen)
Transmitted signal is the following M-sequence: 10000011, where logic “1” is 1V and logic “0” is -1V
Sequence duration: 1us
iii) Matched filtering (Yu Chen)
Transmitted signal is the following M-sequence: 10000011, where logic “1” is 1V and logic “0” is -1V
Sequence duration= 1us
SNR at the output of the receive antenna = 3 dB
Target is fixed and located 7km away from the radar
2. Sandeep Deb, Lei Fu, Cheng Gao
i) Target detection (Sandeep Deb)
Detection probability over ten scans D=0.8-0.95
False alarm probability over ten scans F=10-3
Number of pulses during the dwell time N=30
The target echo experiences slow fluctuations
The received signal is coherent over the dwell time
ii) Ambiguity function (Lei Fu)
Transmitted signal is the following M-sequence: 10101011, where logic “1” is 2V and logic “0” is -2V
Sequence duration: 1.5us
iii) Matched filtering (Cheng Gao)
Transmitted signal is the following M-sequence: 10101011, where logic “1” is 2V and logic “0” is -2V
Sequence duration: 1.5us
SNR at the output of the receive antenna = 6 dB
Target is fixed and located 7.5km away from the radar
3. Yuqiang Gui, Bohui Jin, Di Kang
i) Target detection (Yuqiang Gui)
Detection probability over one scan D=0.8-0.95
False alarm probability over one scan F=10-3
Number of pulses during the dwell time N=50
The target echo experiences slow fluctuations
The received signal is coherent over 5 pulses reception time
ii) Ambiguity function (Bohui Jin)
Transmitted signal is the following M-sequence: 10001111, where logic “1” is 0.5V and logic “0” is -0.5V
Sequence duration: 2usP a g e | 4
iii) Matched filtering (Di Kang)
Transmitted signal is the following M-sequence: 10001111, where logic “1” is 0.5V and logic “0” is -0.5V
Sequence duration: 2us
SNR at the output of the receive antenna = 7 dB
Target is fixed and located 8km away from the radar
4. Anni Li, Wenyue Li, Yaxuan Li
i) Target detection (Anni Li)
Detection probability over one scan D=0.8-0.95
False alarm probability over one scan F=10-4
Number of pulses during the dwell time N=100
The target echo experiences slow fluctuations
The received signal is coherent over the dwell time
ii) Ambiguity function (Wenyue Li)
Transmitted signal is the following M-sequence: 10111001, where logic “1” is 5V and logic “0” is -5V
Sequence duration: 2.2us
iii) Matched filtering (Yaxuan Li)
Transmitted signal is the following M-sequence: 10111001, where logic “1” is 1V and logic “0” is -1V
Sequence duration= 2.2us
SNR at the output of the receive antenna = 5 dB
Target is fixed and located 8km away from the radar
5. Jiayi Niu, Lianshan Qi , Guanwei Qiu
i) Target detection (Jiayi Niu)
Detection probability over one scan D=0.8-0.95
False alarm probability over one scan F=10-4
Number of pulses during the dwell time N=30
The target echo experiences slow fluctuations
The received signal is coherent over 10 pulses reception time
ii) Ambiguity function (Lianshan Qi)
Transmitted signal is the following M-sequence: 10001001, where logic “1” is 3V and logic “0” is -3V
Sequence duration: 2.2us
iii) Matched filtering (Guanwei Qiu)
Transmitted signal is the following M-sequence: 10001001, where logic “1” is 3V and logic “0” is -3V
Sequence duration= 2.2us
SNR at the output of the receive antenna = 11 dB
Target is fixed and located 8km away from the radar
6. Jingjing Shi, Marcellina Ayudha Titasari , Jingwen Wang
i) Target detection (Jingjing Shi)
Detection probability over one scan D=0.8-0.95
False alarm probability over one scan F=10-4
Number of pulses during the dwell time N=30
The target echo experiences slow fluctuations
The received signal is coherent over 5 pulses reception timeP a g e | 5
ii) Ambiguity function (Marcellina Ayudha Titasari)
Transmitted signal is the following M-sequence: 11100101, where logic “1” is 3V and logic “0” is -3V
Sequence duration: 2.5us
iii) Matched filtering (Jingwen Wang)
Transmitted signal is the following M-sequence: 11100101, where logic “1” is 3V and logic “0” is -3V
Sequence duration= 2.5us
SNR at the output of the receive antenna = 10 dB
Target is fixed and located 10km away from the radar
7. Yaoxuan Wang, Zhangya Wang, Hui Yuan
i) Target detection (Yaoxuan Wang)
Detection probability over one scan D=0.8-0.95
False alarm probability over one scan F=10-5
Number of pulses during the dwell time N=60
The target echo experiences slow fluctuations
The received signal is coherent over the dwell time
ii) Ambiguity function (Zhangya Wang)
Transmitted signal is the following M-sequence: 11001011, where logic “1” is 2V and logic “0” is -2V
Sequence duration: 2us
iii) Matched filtering (Hui Yuan)
Transmitted signal is the following M-sequence: 11001011, where logic “1” is 2V and logic “0” is -2V
Sequence duration= 2us
SNR at the output of the receive antenna = 9 dB
Target is fixed and located 10km away from the radar
8. Puteri Zakaria, Xiaokang Zhang, Xin Zhang
i) Target detection (Puteri Zakaria)
Detection probability over one scan D=0.8-0.95
False alarm probability over one scan F=10-5
Number of pulses during the dwell time N=100
The target echo experiences slow fluctuations
The received signal is coherent over 5 pulses reception time
ii) Ambiguity function (Xiaokang Zhang)
Transmitted signal is the following M-sequence: 10100111, where logic “1” is 5V and logic “0” is -5V
Sequence duration: 3us
iii) Matched filtering (Xin Zhang)
Transmitted signal is the following M-sequence: 10100111, where logic “1” is 5V and logic “0” is -5V
Sequence duration= 3us
SNR at the output of the receive antenna = 5 dB
Target is fixed and located 11km away from the radarP a g e | 6
9. Yu Zhang, Rui Zhao, Hongyan Zhu
i) Target detection (Yu Zhang)
Detection probability over one scan D=0.8-0.95
False alarm probability over one scan F=10-5
Number of pulses during the dwell time N=80
The target echo experiences slow fluctuations
The received signal is coherent over 10 pulses reception time
ii) Ambiguity function (Rui Zhao)
Transmitted signal is the following M-sequence: 10010001, where logic “1” is 1V and logic “0” is -1V
Sequence duration: 1.5us
iii) Matched filtering (Hongyan Zhu)
Transmitted signal is the following M-sequence: 10010001, where logic “1” is 1V and logic “0” is -1V
Sequence duration= 1.5us
SNR at the output of the receive antenna = 8 dB
Target is fixed and located 9.5km away from the radar
10. Tongyue Zhu, Xunyu Zuo
i) Target detection (Tongyue Zhu)
Detection probability over one scan D=0.8-0.95
False alarm probability over one scan F=10-5
Number of pulses during the dwell time N=40
The target echo experiences slow fluctuations
The received signal is coherent over the dwell time
ii) Ambiguity function (Xunyu Zuo)
Transmitted signal is the following M-sequence: 11010011, where logic “1” is 5V and logic “0” is -5V
Sequence duration: 4usP a g e | 7
Section 3.
Template: MSc assignment "Radar and Satellite Navigation", corresponds to the template of papers
submission to IEEE transactions journal (single-column format).
Abstract—(Arial 9) These instructions give you guidelines for preparing papers for IEEE TRANSACTIONS and JOURNALS.
Use this document as a template if you are using Microsoft Word 6.0 or later. Otherwise, use this document as an instruction
set. The electronic file of your paper will be formatted further at IEEE. Define all symbols used in the abstract. Do not cite
references in the abstract. Do not delete the blank line immediately above the abstract; it sets the footnote at the bottom of this
column.
Keywords – (Arial 9) e.g. communication systems, bit error rate, etc.
I Introduction (from this point all the text body is in Aerial 10, titles Aerial 11, bold, subtitles Aerial 11,
Italic )
HIS document is a template for Microsoft Word versions 6.0 or later.
If your paper is intended for a conference, please contact your conference editor concerning acceptable word
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IIProcedure for the submission
A. Figures
Format and save your graphic images using a suitable graphics processing program that will allow you to create
the images as PostScript (PS), Encapsulated PostScript (EPS), or Tagged Image File Format (TIFF), sizes them,
and adjusts the resolution settings. If you created your source files in one of the following you will be able to submit
Manuscript received October 9, 2001. (Write the date on which you submitted your paper for review.) This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of
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F. A. Author is with the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305 USA (corresponding author to provide phone: 303-555-5555; fax: 303-
555-5555; e-mail: author@ boulder.nist.gov).
S. B. Author, Jr., was with Rice University, Houston, TX 77005 USA. He is now with the Department of Physics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
USA (e-mail: author@lamar.colostate.edu).
T. C. Author is with the Electrical Engineering Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA, on leave from the National Research Institute for
Metals, Tsukuba, Japan (e-mail: author@nrim.go.jp).
Radar System Design and Analysis
Student names, ID numbers and the date of submission
TP a g e | 8
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or Portable Document Format (PDF).
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Import your source files in one of the following: Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Excel, or
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B. Size of Author Photographs (Compulsory for all students)
The final printed size of an author photograph is exactly 1 inch wide by 1 1/4 inches long (6 picas × 7 1/2 picas).
Please ensure that the author photographs you submit are proportioned similarly. If the author’s photograph does
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When sending color graphics, please supply a high quality hard copy or PDF proof of each image. If we cannot
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E. Web Color Graphics
IEEE accepts color graphics in the following formats: EPS, PS, TIFF, Word, PowerPoint, Excel, and PDF. The
resolution of a RGB color TIFF file should be at least 400 dpi.
Your color graphic will be converted to grayscale if no separate grayscale file is provided. If a graphic is to appear
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F. Graphics Checker Tool
The IEEE Graphics Checker Tool enables users to check graphic files. The tool will check journal article graphic
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failed to meet the requirements. If the file fails, a description of why and instructions on how to correct the problem P a g e | 9
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For more Information, contact the IEEE Graphics H-E-L-P Desk by e-mail at graphics@ieee.org. You will then
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IV MATH
If you are using Word, use either the Microsoft Equation Editor or the MathType add-on
(http://www.mathtype.com) for equations in your paper (Insert | Object | Create New | Microsoft Equation or
MathType Equation). “Float over text” should not be selected.
VUnits
Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units are strongly encouraged.) English units may be used as
secondary units (in parentheses). This applies to papers in data storage. For example, write “15 Gb/cm2
(100
Gb/in2
).” An exception is when English units are used as identifiers in trade, such as “3?-in disk drive.” Avoid
combining SI and CGS units, such as current in amperes and magnetic field in oersteds. This often leads to
confusion because equations do not balance dimensionally. If you must use mixed units, clearly state the units for
each quantity in an equation.
The SI unit for magnetic field strength H is A/m. However, if you wish to use units of T, either refer to magnetic
flux density B or magnetic field strength symbolized as μ0H. Use the center dot to separate compound units, e.g.,
“A·m2
.”
VI Helpful Hints
A. Figures and Tables
Because IEEE will do the final formatting of your paper, you do not need to position figures and tables at the top
and bottom of each column. In fact, all figures, figure captions, and tables can be at the end of the paper. Large
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Color printing of figures is available, but is billed to the authors. Include a note with your final paper indicating that
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Multipliers can be especially confusing. Write “Magnetization (kA/m)” or “Magnetization (103 A/m).” Do not write
“Magnetization (A/m) ? 1000” because the reader would not know whether the top axis label in Fig. 1 meant 16000
A/m or 0.016 A/m. Figure labels should be legible, approximately 8 to 12 point type.
B. References
Number citations consecutively in square brackets [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the brackets [2]. Multiple
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the relevant page numbers [2]. In sentences, refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]. Do not use “Ref. [3]” or
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Number footnotes separately in superscripts (Insert | Footnote).1 Place the actual footnote at the bottom of the
column in which it is cited; do not put footnotes in the reference list (endnotes). Use letters for table footnotes (see
1
It is recommended that footnotes be avoided (except for the unnumbered footnote with the receipt date on the first page). Instead, try to integrate the footnote
information into the text.P a g e | 10
Table I).
Please note that the references at the end of this document are in the preferred referencing style. Give all
authors’ names; do not use “et al.” unless there are six authors or more. Use a space after authors’ initials. Papers
that have not been published should be cited as “unpublished” [4]. Papers that have been accepted for publication,
but not yet specified for an issue should be cited as “to be published” [5]. Papers that have been submitted for
publication should be cited as “submitted for publication” [6]. Please give affiliations and addresses for private
communications [7].
Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and element symbols. For papers published
in translation journals, please give the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language citation [8].
C. Abbreviations and Acronyms
Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text, even after they have already been
defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as IEEE, SI, ac, and dc do not have to be defined. Abbreviations that
incorporate periods should not have spaces: write “C.N.R.S.,” not “C. N. R. S.” Do not use abbreviations in the title
unless they are unavoidable (for example, “IEEE” in the title of this article).
D Equations
Number equations consecutively with equation numbers in parentheses flush with the right margin, as in (1). First
use the equation editor to create the equation. Then select the “Equation” markup style. Press the tab key and write
the equation number in parentheses. To make your equations more compact, you may use the solidus ( / ), the exp
function, or appropriate exponents. Use parentheses to avoid ambiguities in denominators. Punctuate equations
when they are part of a sentence, as in
exp( | |) ( ) ( ) .(1)
Be sure that the symbols in your equation have been defined before the equation appears or immediately
following. Italicize symbols (T might refer to temperature, but T is the unit tesla). Refer to “(1),” not “Eq. (1)” or
“equation (1),” except at the beginning of a sentence: “Equation (1) is ... .”
VII Other Recommendations
Use one space after periods and colons. Hyphenate complex modifiers: “zero-field-cooled magnetization.” Avoid
dangling participles, such as, “Using (1), the potential was calculated.” [It is not clear who or what used (1).] Write
instead, “The potential was calculated by using (1),” or “Using (1), we calculated the potential.”
Use a zero before decimal points: “0.25,” not “.25.” Use “cm3
,” not “cc.” Indicate sample dimensions as “0.1 cm ?
0.2 cm,” not “0.1 ? 0.2 cm2
.” The abbreviation for “seconds” is “s,” not “sec.” Do not mix complete spellings and
abbreviations of units: use “Wb/m2
” or “webers per square meter,” not “webers/m2
.” When expressing a range of
values, write “7 to 9” or “7-9,” not “7~9.”
A parenthetical statement at the end of a sentence is punctuated outside of the closing parenthesis (like this). (A
parenthetical sentence is punctuated within the parentheses.) In American English, periods and commas are within
quotation marks, like “this period.” Other punctuation is “outside”! Avoid contractions; for example, write “do not”
instead of “don’t.” The serial comma is preferred: “A, B, and C” instead of “A, B and C.”
If you wish, you may write in the first person singular or plural and use the active voice (“I observed that ...” or
“We observed that ...” instead of “It was observed that ...”). Remember to check spelling. If your native language is
not English, please get a native English-speaking colleague to carefully proofread your paper.
VIII Some Common Mistakes
The word “data” is plural, not singular. The subscript for the permeability of vacuum μ0 is zero, not a lowercase
letter “o.” The term for residual magnetization is “remanence”; the adjective is “remanent”; do not write “remnance”
or “remnant.” Use the word “micrometer” instead of “micron.” A graph within a graph is an “inset,” not an “insert.”
The word “alternatively” is preferred to the word “alternately” (unless you really mean something that alternates).
Use the word “whereas” instead of “while” (unless you are referring to simultaneous events). Do not use the word
“essentially” to mean “approximately” or “effectively.” Do not use the word “issue” as a euphemism for “problem.”
When compositions are not specified, separate chemical symbols by en-dashes; for example, “NiMn” indicates the
intermetallic compound Ni0.5Mn0.5 whereas “Ni–Mn” indicates an alloy of some composition NixMn1-x.
Be aware of the different meanings of the homophones “affect” (usually a verb) and “effect” (usually a noun),
“complement” and “compliment,” “discreet” and “discrete,” “principal” (e.g., “principal investigator”) and “principle” P a g e | 11
(e.g., “principle of measurement”). Do not confuse “imply” and “infer.”
Prefixes such as “non,” “sub,” “micro,” “multi,” and “ultra” are not independent words; they should be joined to the
words they modify, usually without a hyphen. There is no period after the “et” in the Latin abbreviation “et al.” (it is
also italicized). The abbreviation “i.e.,” means “that is,” and the abbreviation “e.g.,” means “for example” (these
abbreviations are not italicized).
An excellent style manual and source of information for science writers is [9]. A general IEEE style guide and an
Information for Authors are both available at http://www.ieee.org/web/publications/authors/transjnl/index.html
IX Publication Principles
The contents of IEEE TRANSACTIONS and JOURNALS are peer-reviewed and archival. The TRANSACTIONS publishes
scholarly articles of archival value as well as tutorial expositions and critical reviews of classical subjects and topics
of current interest.
Authors should consider the following points:
1) Technical pape